The Internet Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

The Internet The Internet and World Wide Web are commonly used words among people today. As a college student especially, the Web and Internet play a huge part of life. What is sometimes tough to realize though is the newness of the Internet and the Web. Because the two have become such a huge part of life, it is shocking to consider that the Internet itself has only been in existence for the past thirty years or so. It is important to understand the history of the Internet and the creation of the Web to better prepare for the future of the two and to ensure that the use of the resources is maximized, focused, and beneficial to all mankind. The History The roots of the internet can be traced to the year 1957. 1957 was a year dedicated to atmospheric research and was the year in which the USSR launched a small orbiting satellite into the Earth’s atmosphere. Shortly after the satellite was launched, the United States created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Ministry of Defense. This agency was created to number one, protect the U.S. against the threat of technological advances made by other countries and number two, to ensure the United States was keeping on top of state-of-the-art technology. Initially the focus of ARPA was on space, missiles, and nuclear tests. Several scientists worked within the agency along with several sub-contractors to create the latest technology. Even though computing was not the main priority of the agency, directors of the agency had a vision to create a direct link between the computers of the ARPA headquarters and all of its subcontractors. In 1962, John Licklider, an MIT scientist, was appointed by ARPA to lead a computer research development program.... ...22 October 2004. . Internet2. 22 October 2004. . Kristula, Dave. â€Å"The History of the Internet.† March 1997. 21 October 2004. . Leiner, Barry M. and Vinton G. Cerf. â€Å"A Brief History of the Internet.† Internet Society (ISOC). 22 October 2004. . â€Å"Next generation research networks†. Library and Archives Canada. 3 March 2004. 22 October 2004. < http://www.collectionscanada.ca/pubs/netnotes/notes42.htm>. â€Å"Usage and Population Statistics.† Internet World Stats. 22 October 2004. . Webopedia. 23 October 2004. . World Wide Web Consortium. 22 October 2004. .

Facebook, Hypermediacy, Performance and Interaction Essay

While always being a concept extremely difficult to coherently and comprehensively define or describe, identity becomes increasingly elusive in our postmodern era, especially since the advent of the Internet and the wide range of possibilities created by this vast informational network. In our â€Å"global village†, a new form of identity must be added to the previous taxonomies (Giddens Anthony). One in which relativity and fluidity have become significantly more essential, in order to understand and describe it then was the case with its predecessors. This is what is usually called online or digital identity. This concept is strongly connected with that of online or virtual communities, â€Å"spaces† of social interaction in which the concept of â€Å"mediation† plays a central role. Even though, as Giddens states, â€Å"Virtually all human experience is mediated – through socialization and in particular the acquisition of language† not until the advent of the informational era did mediation play such an important role in human communication (Giddens, 23). As McLuhan clearly states: â€Å"The medium is the message†, one of the essential features in understanding the concept of online identity (McLuhan Marshall, 7). Various forms such an identity takes in the context of a specific online community, a social network called Facebook, are analyzed in this essay. Though there are detectable negative sociological implications to Facebook concerning privacy and online identity, (DON’T ANNOUNCE LIKE THIS. STATE YOUR THESIS, NOT THAT YOU WILL IDENTIFY SOMETHING BUT EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT TO PROVE the research here will identify ) the online network isIS largely sociologically beneficial by providing a positive forum for social planning, community organization and general communication. OTHERWISE, THE THESIS LOO9KS GOOD, JUST STICK TO THE PLAN IN IT Facebook’s initial model revolved primarily around the â€Å"courtship† of those directly affiliated with universities. Facebook was launched on â€Å"February 4, 2004 and until September 11, 2006,† it was comprised entirely of individuals with active university email addresses, with high schools and corporations soon being added to the mix (Wikipedia). Today, Facebook is a network accessible to anybody with a valid email address. However, Facebook’s operational premise requires people to display certain details regarding themselves that will allow them to be located by friends. Certainly, an increasingly valid use of Facebook has been its role in reconnecting lapsed friendships or acquaintances. Therefore, DON’T USE ‘WE’ UNLESS YOU ARE A TEAM OF SCIENTISTS. a s our discussion turns into AND YOU ARE ANNOUNCING AGAIN ) IN THE recognition of the identity management issues related to this legal and valid self-presentation will related directly to , user preferences will be a relevant factorpreferences. Therefore, much of the theoretical conceptualization here will revolve on this understanding that in spite of opportunities for elastic identity management, this network remains, at least for the time being, a â€Å"space† in which online and legal identities are connected (Giddens). This feature will bring about very interesting issues concerning the form and nature of the online identity exhibited on Facebook. Particular issues are those concerning the choices which individuals are able to make in the Facebook context which help to formulate identity in ways which may differ in the purpose and functionality from identity strategies in traditional social spheres. This points to some of the main differences between traditional and online identity, with the latter creating certain freedoms from physicality. One can choose or bypass certain visual images, can report or leave out certain biographical facts and can generally craft an identity which is less dependent on day to day interactions. VAGUE. WHAT ARE THESE ISSUES? , AND WHAT EXACTLY IS THE FORM AND NATURE OF THE ONLINE IDENTIY? STATE IT HERE. Another factor of determinant importance in understanding the sociological impact of Facebook is its representation of McLuhan’sS EXPLAIN WHO HE WAS â€Å"global village. † Marshall McLuhan is one of the preeminent theorists in communication and media studies, and through the 1950s and 1960s, would command a great deal of foresight in identifying the behaviors of future media systems. In his global village theory, McLuhan envisioned, a space in which the magnitude of globalization and especially its protean forms of cultural exchange couldan be experienced on a personalized level. Since Facebook has been traditionally grounded within university-based networks, many of these already possessing defined international profiles, one can now begin to experience on a virtual level the powerful dynamics of globalization as they have been implicated by technological transition. Individuals create personal networks of contacts which reflect and, sometimes, even expand the international environment in which they pursued their studies. (Ellison, 1143)SOURCE? Before going further in the analysis of the concept of identity on Facebook, one should analyze the notion of profile, YOUR OUTLINE REFERS TO ‘OBJECTS’. CLARIFY THAT THERE IS A CONNECTION BETWEEN PROFILE AND OBJECT – OR AM I WRONG IN ASSUMING THERE IS ONE the online representation of the individual. Firstly, one should take into account the distinction within Facebook’s grammar lingo, which provides a distinction DO YOU MEAN ‘LEXIS’? between â€Å"objects and actions†(Giddens, 47). WHO IS THIS? Social theoriest Anthony Giddens here provides the concept which is fully executed by Facebook, in which the identity which one formulates produces a virtual object through which various interactive actions may be executed. The basic object is the profile itself, from which a tree-like structure of other objects, ranging from the â€Å"wall† to pictures, videos, the so-called applications, or plain text, emerges. Therefore, Facebook can be seen as a container of various media, organized within a profile which represents the individual, the â€Å"real† person â€Å"hidden† behind the screen. The profile can be considered a â€Å"virtual body representation of the individual† SOURCE? a representation connected with other profiles, images of other individuals, joined together in various associative networks. (Giddens, 48) The focus is mainly on the tree-like organized strata of media which separates individuals connected on Facebook because it is essential to stress on both the distance and closure between individuals which is created in such instances of communication, the much-discussed (within the context of globalization) â€Å"new spatial logic [†¦ ] the spontaneous dispersion and concentration via information technologies. †(Castells Manuel, 419). In other words, at first one has to notice the separation of the concepts of â€Å"space† and â€Å"place. † in (our CUT THIS) contemporary understanding of THE social landscape. People from various locations can interact on Facebook almost simultaneously. This might be considered as bringing them closer regardless of the physical distance existing between them. Yet, one must always remember to take into consideration also the very â€Å"substance† of the profile: a collage of media, an extension into post-modernity of what Giddens calls one of the â€Å"two basic features of mediated experience in conditions of modernity [†¦ ] the collage effect. † (Giddens 26). In other words, the identity presented by individuals to one another can be considered a highly subjective â€Å"work of art†, creating sometimes large discrepancies between self-identity and the online identity perceived by others. Therefore, in contrast with the disclosure effect WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ‘CLOSURE EFFECT’? , there is also a distancing effect created by Facebook, an effect which is more elusive mainly because the information is so intensely mediated. The second category ACTUALLY IN YOUR OUTLINE, YOU PUT ACTIONS BEFORE OBJECTS. CHANGE EITHER THE OUTLINE OR THE PARAGRAPH ORDER is that of actions the individual can perform in this virtual environment. First, one â€Å"joins† Facebook, edits his/hers profile, then starts joining various networks or groups, adds friends and so on. An important feature here is closely connected with the object called â€Å"wall† addressed in the previous paragraph and with the action of â€Å"writing† messages on other people’s walls. The distinction between writing on someone’s wall and sending a message is that while the message remains private, visible only to the recipient, the message on the walls is visible to everyone connected to the wall’s â€Å"owner†. It might be considered one of the â€Å"external† features of the exhibited individual. In this way, a metaphorical image of the kind of identity created by Facebook closely resembles the image of the self from Pink Floyd’s conceptual album â€Å"The Wall† – hidden behind a wall. SOURCE? Furthermore, this notion of concealment is transparent also in another action one can perform on Facebook, that of hiding one’s ONE’S very actions, in other words, translating them into the private sphere. In fact, one’s actions are â€Å"published† in a so-called â€Å"News Feed†, a virtual â€Å"newspaper† available to all one’s friends. SOURCE? (Facebook. com, 1) This inclines consideration of the words of the legendary conceptual artist, Andy Warhol. â€Å"’in the future,’ Warhol said, ‘everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes. ’ (Murphy, 1) Today, Andy Warhol, anthe American artist and a central figure in the movement known as Pop art might say, one can become famous on Facebook for far more then 15 minutes. SOURCE? However, as stated before, one can also hide one’s ONE’S actions and can decide not to allow them to be â€Å"published† in the friends’ News Feed. Another important type of actions one can perform on Facebook are the interactive actions. An almost constant and incessant exchange between individuals exists through their profile environment. People are writing on one another’s walls, sending messages, adding comments, sending gifts, comparing themselves with the others through various applications, playing games, virtually being able to perform any action to one another (with the textual Super-Poke, one can â€Å"order someone to write an essay about Facebook† for instance). GOOD EXAMPLE This aspect will be important later on when the essential role ‘the other’ has in creating someone’s identity on Facebook After these initial considerations about the structure and organization of Facebook, it is important, before pursuing further, to turn again to Giddens’ ideas about the nature of identity in the modern era, ideas which can easily be extended to our post-modern context. Giddens considers the self as â€Å"a reflexive project†, which â€Å"is continuous, as well as all-pervasive. † In other words, self-identity becomes a construct, a personal narrative which tries to bring order and meaning from the multiplicity of individual traits and experiences. As he states: A person’s identity is not to be found in behavior, nor – important though it is – in the reactions of others, but in the capacity to keep a particular narrative going. The individual’s biography, if she is to maintain regular interaction with others in the day-to-day world, cannot be wholly fictive. It must continually integrate events which occur in the external world, and sort them into the on-going ‘story’ about the self. (Giddens, 75) From the previous observations regarding the construction of Facebook, one could easily understand why the â€Å"profile† can be considered a narrative, a â€Å"text† through which the individual reflexively creates an identity-image which he/she exhibits in this network. One could apply here the terminology of Arjun Appadurai, one of the founding editors, along with Carol A. Breckenridge, of the journal Public Culture and also the founding Director of the Chicago Humanities Institute at the University of Chicago, GOOD DETAILS ABOUT THE AUTHOR and call the Facebook profile a â€Å"mediascape†. Appadurai defines mediascapes as â€Å"image-centered, narrative-based accounts of strips of reality†, and further on he states that â€Å"what they offer to those who experience and transform them is a series of elements (such as character, plots, and textual forms) out of which scripts can be formed of imagined lives, their own as well as those of others living in other places. † COMMENT ON THIS QUOTE This points to the distinction between online and traditional identity formulation, with the online variation shown to be more directly susceptible to this careful and intentional scripting. The relationship of Facebook to its origins as university community networking site is apparent in one of the distinct values of its usage. There is an indicationIn its early stages, VAGUE. WHAT KIND OF INDICATION? DO YOU MEAN A SURVEY? OR RESEARH? that there are many students who hadve naturally adopted Facebook as a meeting, socializing or communicating forum which unofficially affiliates with the campus community. Therefore Facebook serves in its individual network contexts to give students the capacity to establish their own networking capabilities simultaneously connected to the physical and cultural community comprised by the campus or school itself and yet fully independent and unofficial from the university’s standpoint. This can serve to be a very constructive way for students to relate and organize to their own benefit and, absent of the university’s concerted involvement, to the benefit of its culture, community and collective identity. As Hewitt and Forte observe, â€Å"when online communities begin to complement existing channels for social interaction, aspects of everyday practices are often cast into sharp relief as community members integrate new channels of communication into their everyday lives† (Hewitt and Forte, 1). Serving to strengthen the internal processes by which members of a university community are able to relate to one another separate from the parameters created by the university the online community can be extraordinarily beneficial in diversifying, liberating and even emotionally accommodating the university experience. Individuals with common social, academic or even romantic interests can use university forums to engage one another within the theoretical confines of the school but outside of its official interactive boundaries. GIVE A REAL-LIFE EXAMPLE For many students, something such as Facebook allows for the tangible and observable presentation of a community, which, especially for incoming or socially remote students, can be an important arrow signdoorway to groups, activities and support structures within the university.. WHAT IS AN ARROW SIGN? A SIGN OF WHAT? Thus, Facebook can really help one to bridge the gap between a selected identity and a group with which to identify. Moreover, this is also true of Facebook’s alteration to the sociological process of recovery of lost, lapsed or unrealized relationships, whether social, romantic, professional or even convenience. Accordingly, â€Å"previous research suggests that Facebook users engage in â€Å"searching† for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they â€Å"browse† for complete strangers to meet. † (Ellison, 1144) Still, Ththe informality of the â€Å"friend† tag in Facebook, allows people to establish online friendship with one who might not qualify as an entry in one’s cell phone or a possible consideration for immediate recreational plans. The fact that such â€Å"friendship† does not actually require either participant to â€Å"do† anything other than to approve this friendship, allows for the establishment in many cases of a personal network far larger than one’s physical social network. This is to say that old acquaintances, such as members of one’s high-school graduating class with whom only limited friendly interest is shared, may serve a strictly connective role in one’s network. Their presence in one’s social network will allow one to be seen by other acquaintances and potential ‘friends. ’ This can serve as a positive opportunity to either regenerate lost friendships or even stimulate a friendship where previously only an acquaintanceship existed. GIVE SOME IDEA OF THE EXTENT OF THIS NETWORK, SOME REAL EXAMPLES OR STATISTICS. ALSO INDICATE WHETHER YOU CONSIDER THIS IS A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ASPECT. –YOUR THESIS SUGESTTS THE FORMER, BUT YOU NEED TO SAY SO. Furthermore, SURELY THIS IS A NEGATIVE ASPECT, SO YOU SHOULD USE ‘HOWEVER’, NOT ? ’URTHERMORE’. However, there is a perceived exposure simply in one’s involvement with Facebook that might instead be seen negatively. One of the biggest drawbacks to the fact that Facebook creates this explicit connection between real and web identities is the danger that it represents to the user’s privacy. Even as various parameters—sallowing individuals to set privacy terms hiding or only selectively displaying profile details— are set in place to protect the individual from observation or contact by an individual not within one’s friend network, WHAT ARE THESE PARAMETERS? GIVE EXAMPLES there is evidence of vulnerability within the system. It is not particularly difficult for one so determined to procure personal information regarding other Facebook users without the proper authorization. This is a bug WHY A BUG? that was most recently revealed by a British tech company which was intended to expose the site’s susceptibility to willful penetration, with the programming being infiltrated by professional hackers. Thus, â€Å"in less than three hours computer programmers working for the BBC programme Click, developed an application for Facebook which they used to discover the details of four users and all their friends. † (Cockcroft, 1) Facebook, for its part, has indicated through an anonymous source that any such vulnerability would be counter-intuitive veSTRANGE WORD! to the intent of the company and network, and therefore it would work to resolve this particular issue. SOURCE? WHO SAID THIS AND WHAT WERE THEY GOING TO DO ABOUT IT? (Cockcroft, 1) On the other hand, such vulnerability may be seen as a programming bug and not a conceptual failure, with Facebook’s model being dedicated inherently to the protection of privacy details at the user’s discretion.. SOURCE? DEFINE THE DIFFERENCE Consequently, this is not an issue which draws much in the way of sociological resolution on the subject. Moreover, speaking in a more sociological sense, another issue concerning Facebook is the inappropriateness of varying user intentions. The concept of online identity is refuted by the fact the Facebook is simultaneously connected to the user’s legal identity and bound to the virtual world. The result is that user’s have the opportunity to redefine themselves even in direct connection to details which are inherently bound to the non-virtual world such as relationship status, physical appearance, profession or interests.. SUCH AS? This gives Facebook an obfuscating subject as it related to our ability to comprehend that which is implied by one’s Facebook identity.. EXPLAIN Facebook is inherently subject to many of the same usage issues which have always been associated with internet usage. That is, â€Å"digital identity, like that presented in the Facebook, thrives because it is temporal. You can change your identity at the drop of a hat – you can become a liberal or conservative at the push of a button, change your interests and hobbies on a whim. † (Stutzman, 1). While this is the kind of identity elasticity for which individuals have often placed specific value O onN the opportunities available on the internet, the distinctions (which we have) discussed hered HERE regarding Facebook make this an issue of increasing debate. Particularly, (we are demanded) the question is asked IS ASKED as to whether or not the fact that Facebook’s insistence of seeking to connect online and non-virtual identity in one’s online presentation, can be a negative pattern due to possible obfuscation by deliberate misrepresentation. An example of this might be one’s unauthorized use of another’s account or, far more insidiously, one of the most troubling examples of this might be the infiltration of a school network by a sexual predator. GIVE A CLEAR EXAMPLE While this is an entitlement right reserved to be determined by the individual, it is one that further blurs the lines of the authenticity of digital identity within the specific context of a network designed to attempt the contrary. Therefore, it is conceivable that Facebook is where desired by its user, a forum where individual identity can become quite distorted. Thus, if one has selected Facebook as a means of obtaining information about a particular individual—which is increasingly common in the cases of gathering public information, occupationally-based background checks or journalistic research—the presentation of Facebook as connecting to one’s legal identity allows the provided information to be seen as valid information. Because this assumption is justified by Facebook’s short history —though not necessarily by its users—its service to the strategy of observing identity is somewhat questionable. QUOTE AN EXPERT ON THIS As online media theorists Ellison et al note â€Å"there are clearly some image management problems experienced by students as reported in the press, and the potential does exist for privacy abuses,† (p. 1166) Certainly, the(our) research indicates that there is almost an inherent aspect of Facebook which demands that the user construct himself or herself in such a fashion as to reflect the desired impression received by others. And certainly, this is an activity which we? WHO? social interactants engage in socially on a moment-to-moment basis at school, at work or even at the train station. Impression management is a regular aspect of the way we communicate, interact and otherwise engage social contexts. SOURCE? However, as technology author KelleyWHO IS HE? i Indicates: â€Å"Facebook users attempt to manage the impression others receive of them by guessing what their interpretation of their performance will be. The structure of Facebook limits the ways people can construct identities and so some users have to creatively modify their performance. † (Kelly 13). The primary limitation with Facebook is its static nature in the context, at least in comparison to personal interaction. Undoubtedly, in the traditional context of socializing, we are in a unique position to observe rather than to simply guess how our impression management is received. Thus, we can alter identity perception in a matter of seconds. If one feels that his self-presentation in conversation has produced a misimpression, it is feasible to quickly alter one’s conduct, verbal approach or some other quality by which interpretation is being gathered. SOURCE? (Koch, 319) In Facebook, one is always seeking to establish an identity which is likely to promote the widest appeal to all observers, thus serving a more homogenized interest than personal impression management which occurs on an interaction-to-interaction basis. This gives one the opportunity to attempt to deduce a likely collective response, in which a social network is perceived almost as an audience amongst whom common interests or appeals must be identified. SOURCE? (Kock, 320) In this way, identity becomes a target-directed activity in Facebook, almost placing the user in a position of marketing an identity to those in the network. This causes a distinct conflict concerning the image and identity management which one must generally commit to in order to differentiate professional, personal, social and intimate personas. The concern that Facebook may be observable to one’s parent, employer or instructor enters into the discussion here. QUOTE SOMEONE, OR GIVE AN EXAMPLE Accordingly, looking at the amount of information Facebook participants provide about themselves, the relatively open nature of the information, and the lack of privacy controls enacted by the users, Gross and Acquisti (2005) argue that users may be putting themselves at risk both offline (e. g. , stalking) and online (e. g. , identify theft). Other recent Facebook research examines student perceptions of instructor presence and self-disclosure. † (Ellison, 1146) Indeed, one of the most challenging nuances of the social networking phenomenon is its variation of social networking by way of its changing of forums. (Ellison, 1146) IS THIS AQUOTE? NAME THE SOURCE It may not be accurate to refer to online networking as an extension of traditional social networking insofar as this context has the capacity to undermine or alter many implicit rules therein. Referring once again to the Hewitt and Forte study, one of the most pertinent examples of the difference here impliedIMPLIED is that individuals choosing to enter into the online community may do so without the types of informal cues, approaches and comforts pertaining to traditional social networking such as facial expressions, vocal intonations and even attire. SUCH A. S? Thus, it occurs that, in the case of university networks especially, faculty members can create Facebook identities and establish â€Å"friendships† with students. This inserts educational instructors into a vantage POINTpoint? to relate directly to students—or perhaps more problematically, a vantage pointPOINT? from which to observe students—not previously afforded them. In consequence, there is a prospective sense amongst student social networks that some violation of unspoken social arrangement is facilitated by such networking. To this extent, the issue of one’s selected identity—from the perspective of student and faculty—may well be altered strategically in reflection of the awareness that the other party is in a new position of direct observation. That is, â€Å"because social networking communities are built to support presentation of self, identity management is likely to be a significant issue for participants in communities whose membership crosses perceived social boundaries and organizational power relationships. † (Hewitt and Forte, 12) Indeed, it is not of a small degree of importance that there is a separate dynamic of power in the contract between faculty and student that may be threatened by the merging of more inherently social contexts. Thus, as it is specifically concerns the issue of identity, this situation raises the concern that intentional misrepresentation may be encouraged. SOURCE? EXAMPLE? Moreover, as we have identified the preference of activities for users such as the publicizing of events, the posting of photographs and communication with peers, the concept that an instructor is watching is likely to have an inhibitive impact on the presentation of self. SOURCE? (Ellison, 1140) Similarly, the motives for an instructor to present one’s self in this context may be cause forinto GRAMMAR speculation as well, suggesting that an interest in observing students has been falsely underplayed in relation to the instructor’s interest in social engagement.. (Hewitt & Forte, 1)SOURCE? OR EXAMPLE? Though, Facebook does offer many privacy options which allow users to determine who can see what information posting within a profile, with regard to the issue of identity and presentation, such as the protection of age or the prevention of profile views from individuals outside of one’s networkDESCRIBE THESE OPTIONS the deconstruction of some social boundaries concerning such limitied factors as geogrpahyndaries SUCH AS? which have been purposefully—and in some instances usefully—established does have an impact on the validity of presented identities. Still, with the issue of identity thrust to the side, there is a notable value (which we can find) in this deconstruction of social boundaries. According to the Hewitt and Forte study, which in 2006 evaluated student behaviors at the Georgia Institute of Technology, â€Å"two thirds of the students surveyed [in their research GIVE FULL DETAILS ABOUT DATES, PLACES, RANGE ETC] reported that they are comfortable with faculty on the site. Positive comments tended to focus on the alternate communication channels afforded by the site and on the potential for students to get to know professors better. † (Hewitt and Forte, 2) In this way, (quite) in fact, Facebook appears to offer a reconsideration of the dynamic between instructor and student which can actually provoke a positive social change. Without question, this interaction is allowing an educational intimacy (improbable)which would be otherwise improbable, with instructors finding a way to enter into a student realm outside of the classroom without necessarily imposing hierarchical demands upon students. FOR EXAMPLE? HAS THIS HAPPENED? These direct contradictions make it increasingly difficult to make a rigorous argument for certain that Facebook’s current usage â€Å"proclivities† have achieved a cultural consensus in terms of sociological impact. That is, where this discussion has focused so significantly on the matter of identity management, there is good cause to suggest that normative behaviors are now only in their infancy. Only four years old, the remarkable sociological, technological and economic impact of Facebook is still being formulated during a continued phase of massive adoption proliferation. (Ellison, 1140)IS THIS A QUOTE? SOURCE? Therefore, it is uncertain how the near future will shape usage and identity considerations. And in many ways, this is a direct factor in the distortion of identity which is currently available, and perhaps even encouraged by the current Facebook model. To this extent, â€Å"while people construct identities in all parts of their lives, this performance is particularly evident on Facebook since the norms of use and interpretation are still being developed for this community. This manifests itself in debates over Facebook etiquette, risks and user rules. † (Kelley, 2) This is a set of debates which is still very much underway, and which presumes (for us) mesa future in which high adoption rates of Facebook will force continual discussion on the issues of identity here related. promise some resolution. N0T USRE WHAT THIS MEANS. WHY DO HIGH ADOPTION RATES NEED A ‘RESOLUTION’? Indeed, as the research here suggests, this resolution is likely to benefit the improved balance for the user of desired image presentation and the demand for accuracy, as it appears that the true social and interactive benefits of Facebook are realized thusly. Even as individuals attempt to manage impressions that benefit their social or image-based status, there is a definable interest for many in constructing an identity which represents the aspects of one’s life which will place them in useful and relevant social networks. It is therefore that we cconcluded AVOID THE ‘WE’ that there is a positive end in the proliferation of Facebook. Though it is clear that its early stages of development have presented a wide array of new and evolving considerations relating to privacy, social power dynamic and image management, there is nonetheless a direct value to honest representation in the social networking context that suggests this impulse will ultimately direct the further evolution of normative behaviors on Facebook and other online social networking communities. Works Cited Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell Publishers, Massachusetts, 2000. Cockcroft, Lucy. â€Å"Facebook loophole ‘open to identity thieves†. Telegraph. 5 January 2008. 27 April 2008. . Ellison, N. B. ; Steinfeld, C. & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook ‘friends:’ Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12(4)., p. 1143-1168. Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991. â€Å"Facebook†. Wikipedia. 28 April 2008. 28 April 2008. . Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991. Hewitt, Anne and Forte, Andrea. â€Å"Crossing boundaries: Identity management and student/faculty relationships on the Facebook†. Georgia Institute of Technology. 24 April 2008. 24 April 2008. < http://www-static.

The Media Is A Mirror Of Society, And If That Society Is

The media is a mirror of society, and if that society is by any means influenced by stereotypes, the media will reflect it. Advertising, according to Erving Goffman, author of the book Gender Advertising, depicts how men and women behave as a social purpose and how today’s social purpose is highly unbalanced in men’s favor. Some people say that advertisers should be held accountable for the unethical images they present. Others, however, say that consumers should be to blame because by buying the products being advertised they are, in fact, supporting the advertisers and the images they set forth. The solution to this issue is simple: If these gender messages are ever expected to change, consumers should stop supporting advertising†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, the bank accounts of these industries continue to multiply. The first reason consumers should stop supporting advertising agencies that portray women as sex objects rather than subjects is that these unequal advertisements, in fact, do create a negative effect on society and gender relationships, especially at the subconscious level. Katherine Toland Frith, author of the essay, â€Å"Advertising and Mother Nature,† published in the book Feminism, Multiculturalism, and the Media: Global Diversities, addresses this issue by saying that advertisements shape the human consciousness and reflect the values and morals of the underlying ethical system. She states that media advertising is a â€Å". . .strong marketing tool and cultural artifact. We must move beyond the surface message of the products and services for sale and explore the deeper, underlying meanings of advertisers. . .† (185). In other words, buyers and consumers in the market must be aware of inequality in the media. Vivian Gornick agrees with Toland Frith in her intro to Erving Goffman’s Gender Advertisements. She explains how advertisements are merely a creative documentation of a highly-manipulated representation of â€Å"real life† for the viewer (xii). Consumers must live and construct their own sense of reality consciously and cannot depend on what the media feeds them as the truth. Another reason that it is necessary to stop support of these industries is because stereotyped imagesShow MoreRelatedThe Media Machine Is A Delusion1331 Words   |  6 Pagesin The Influencing Machine, â€Å"The media machine is a delusion. What we’re really dealing with is a mirror: an exalting, degrading, tedious, and transcendent funhouse mirror of America† (Gladstone xxi). It often goes unnoticed how frequently the media reflects America as if it were a mirror. Popular culture, television, and nearly every social media platform essentially showcases a mirror of American society as a whole. The media typically displays exactly what society wants to see which evidently, isRead MoreMedia As the Mirror of Lebanese Culture1335 Words   |  5 PagesWhat kind of Mirror is the Media of Lebanese Culture? As we discuss media, we must also discuss the nature and function of art. A difference between art and media can be the process by which they are made. Yet in these modern days, the lines between media and art are not lines, but fractals or shapes only described by functions of calculus. That is to say that art and media are heavily intertwined in the 21st century. Some media is art; some art is media. A trait that media and art have in commonRead MoreThe Bad Guy, or Not? Social Media Influence on Self-Perception981 Words   |  4 Pagesgrab a magazine. The models on the cover do not have an over-weight looking body. 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Without Kobeks witty and unfiltered writing approachesRead MoreThe Pluralist View of Mass Media Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pluralist View of Mass Media Pluralism is the belief that power is spread widely throughout the world. It is a belief that companies or powerful groups are competing, but within boundaries of consensus and compromise. The idea of pluralism descends from functionalism. Functionalism is the view that society is structured; every institution in society fulfils certain roles and functions. If there was a disruption in one of these institutions then it could affect theRead MoreBeauty Culture: An Examination the Effects Media Has on Society 1440 Words   |  6 PagesSociety is obsessed with being beautiful. One just has to examine the amount differing beauty industries earn early for this fact to be evident. For example, the diet industry is a thirty-three billion dollar industry, with the cosmetic industry following close behind with twenty billion yearly (Wolf 16). 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The Bell Jar, spoken aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of Jacque Lacan s The Mirror Stage1644 Words   |  7 PagesWhile discussing Jacque Lacan’s The Mirror Stage for the second time this semester I started thinking about my own younger brother’s introduction to the mirror a few years ago. As I was trying to remember this interaction, I came to the realization that his first interaction with his â€Å"self† wasn’t with a mirror at all- it was actually with an iPhone’s front facing camera- used as a form of distraction while he sat in his highchair. This made start thinking about the fact that the recent generationsRead MoreZombie Symbolism Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pagesempty-headed behaviors and their oozing brains, they are the mai n contributor to the ever-developing market of science and fantasy that is without a glass ceiling. In today’s society, zombies can be considered the focal point of our fear-obsessed environment, literally and figuratively. However, this ever-expanding market has society curious purely based off of the inherent restrictions of the zombie population. When looking into all aspects surrounding the zombie culture, it becomes obvious that oneRead MoreThink Of A Beautiful, Ten-Year-Old Girl Standing In The1281 Words   |  6 Pagesten-year-old girl standing in the mirror, clutching her stomach and tears rolling down her cheeks because she is being teased for not being as skinny as the other girls in her class. She looks at the models on TV and envies their skinniness. She wants to look just like them. At ten years old, she starts running after dinner and not eating as much as she use to eat. That beautiful little girl is just like every woman all over the world; she is pressured t o by the media to have a â€Å"perfect body.’ Women

The Racism Of Jackie Robinson - 1008 Words

Danny Bogue Mr. Wallace History Day 12 September 2014 Jackie Robinson He walks into the stadium...hopeful...yet aware of the prejudice exiting in the minds of the ignorant... in the minds of those who do not realize his journey will empower the victims of unjustified hate and he will change history. Jackie Robinson shattered the color barrier in the MLB despite racism that permeated throughout the league and in society in the 1940 s. Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play major league baseball. He is a model or courage and fortitude for everyone, and has left a huge legacy in the baseball world and in the whole entire sports world. He was signed by the brooklyn Dodgers in April 15, 1947. This is when history was made. This paper will explain Jackie Robinson s life before his career as a dodger, how he played, the person behind the signing of Jackie, and most importantly how the fans treated him and how he was even a leader/what his legacy even was. Jack Roosevelt (Jackie) Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia on January 31, 1919. He was born to Mallie and Jerry Robinson. He was the first of 5 children and, like most last children, got the short end of the stick on everything. Jackie s parents got divorced when Jackie was just a few years old, he stayed with his mom. This was very hard for Jackie because it was very hard to be a African American in the early 1900 s, especially when you only have one parent. to you. After this happened Jackie and hisShow MoreRelatedRacism In The Movie 42, By Jackie Robinson792 Words   |  4 PagesJackie Robinson was a hall of famer, but also one of the most important African Americans. The film 42 is a biographical film about him and his life in years racism. The film emphases on Jackie Robinson’s change from a player in the Negro League to the big leagues. The movie is about the troubles he had to be a part of during these hard times. The film shows Robinson as becoming a great player and person and leading his team to the World Series Game. Besides the min or details, the movie 42 is correctRead MoreJackie Robinson. Cameron Thueson. Madison High School.1687 Words   |  7 PagesJackie Robinson Cameron Thueson Madison High School Jackie Robinson Introduction Only a few people in American history can say they ve completely changed their respective area of expertise. Jackie Robinson is one of those people. Jackie Robinson not only changed the sport of baseball, but the whole sports world as he braved racism, discrimination and segregation to break the racial and cultural barriers in the sports world. Childhood Jackie Robinson’s childhood had a direct impactRead MoreJackie Robinson s Life Is Not A Spectator Sport837 Words   |  4 PagesJackie Robinson In the words of pro baseball player Jackie Robinson, â€Å"Life is not a spectator sport. If you re going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you re wasting your life.† Robinson is a true symbol of hard work and dedication. Robinson was one of the first African American baseball players to play on a major league baseball team since the 1880s. Robinson helped to crush the stigma that existed between the segregated leagues. His hard workRead MoreJackie Robinson And The Civil Rights Movement1432 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I, racism and bigotry abounded in the United States. Even though the integration of schools had recently been instated, Jim Crow laws severely limited the activity of African Americans in society, resulting in baseball teams being limited to whites. Jackie Robinson made an important step in gaining rights for African Americans when he broke the color barrier of baseball in 1947. He did this by making civil ri ghts his ambition even before the protests began (Coombs 117). Jackie Robinson’sRead MoreJackie Robinson and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican community, Jackie Robinson was just what the sports pages said he was, no more, no less. He was the first Negro to play baseball in the major leagues. Everybody knew that, but to see the real Jackie Robinson, you must de-emphasize him as a ball player and emphasize him as a civil rights leader. That part drops out, that which people forget. From his early army days, until well after his baseball days, Robinson had fought to achieve equality among whites and blacks. Jackie acted out the philosophyRead MoreJackie Robinson : The Game Of Baseball Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesname is legendary Jackie Robinson. Jackie grew up in unfortunate circumstances that many families dealt with at the time with his dad being a sharecropper. Born in Cairo, Georgia, Jackie was the youngest of five and moved to Cal ifornia with his mother after their husband/father left them. Despite their struggles, Jackie’s main focus was on sports and really pushed him through high school and colleges (Kenny, 34). Although I have also found to make that claim that Jackie Robinson was a good exampleRead MoreHigh811 Words   |  4 PagesBeing a legend is not easy. That ever experienced by Jackie Robinson, the first black baseball player in the American professional league, Major League Baseball in 1947. The modern era film 42 which takes its title from Jackie jersey number when he played for the Brooklyn Dodgers club is directed by Brian Helgeland. This movie tells the story of discrimination suffered by Jackie Robinson (Chadwick Boseman) as the first black player in the American professional league. Since Germany and Japan wereRead MoreThe Man Who Broke The Color Barrier, Jackie Robinson Essay854 Words   |  4 Pages29 November 2016 English 2 Block 1 Living Wax Museum Jackie Robinson Biography The man who broke the color barrier, Jackie Robinson. Robinson was the first African-American to play in the MLB. Robinson overcame many obstacles in his career the main ones being racism and segregation. Robinson had a 10 year career with the Dodgers. Robinson became a civil rights activist being involved in the NAACP after his retirement from baseball. Jackie has received numerous awards not only for his physicalRead MoreProfessional Sports: A Barrier Meant to be Broken Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesin professional sports was a turning point in history. It happened in 1947, when Jackie Robinson, an African-American athlete, began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers under the watchful eye of their owner, Branch Rickey. The man who broke this barrier was a hero in his own right, changing the world of baseball as well as aiding the Civil Rights Movement. But this was not his only heroic accomplishment. Robinson was a star athlete as a child, at the University of California, Los An geles, and inRead MoreA Brief Biography of Jackie Robinson673 Words   |  3 PagesJackie Robinson was one of the most historically well known people in the civil rights movement. So as the first man to integrate major league baseball, Jackie Robinson had a game changing impact on the way the game was played. Having the courage to fight for what is right, Jackie broke the imaginary color barrier that has covered major league baseball for years. Through his resiliency and tenaciousness in the face of seemingly unconquerable odds, Jackie Robinson set the course for African Americans

Essay about The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage - 1614 Words

The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage The campaign developed at that time, as it was then the rights of women began to improve. Though women were still thought of as second-class citizens, during the 1870’s the women’s suffrage became a mass movement. Prior to 1870, there were laws that meant that women were unable to keep any of their earnings once they married. That also meant that all her possessions belonged to her husband as well. In 1870, the Married Women’s Property Act meant that women were allowed to keep  £200 of their earnings. Women such as Caroline Norton are what helped the campaign develop. After a court found that she was innocent of adultery, Caroline Norton’s husband left†¦show more content†¦Though these women worked hard, some would only make 120s, or 60 pence, a day. It was reasons such as this that women demanded the right to vote. In 1867, The Second Reform Act meant that 2.5 million male householders were able to vote out of a population 22 million. And in 1884 The Third Reform Act meant that almost 5 million men were given the vote. This meant almost two-thirds of the male population. This meant that then working men were given the right to vote, whereas women, who are in a higher class to them, still were unable to vote. Because of the increasing number of men that were able to vote, it was thought that women should also be able to receive the vote. 2. Describe the ways in which the methods of the suffragettes and the suffragists were different. (15 marks) The suffragists (National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies – or NUWSS) were established in 1897. Their aim was to ‘To promote the claim of women to the Parliamentary vote on the same terms as it is or may be granted to men.’ This meant that the suffragists did not want all women to have the vote, they only wished for women to have equal footing to the men that already had the vote. The suffragist members were at first genteel, well-educated middle-class women who were feeling frustrated. Though, later on more lower class women joined, many of these factory workers who wantedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Campaign for Womens Suffrage1064 Words   |  5 PagesCampaign for Womens Suffrage A campaign for women’s suffrage developed in the years after 1870 due to socio-economic and political reasons. The transformation of Britain into an industrialised nation prompted a change in the way gender roles were perceived; separate gender spheres in business, politics and the home were accentuated. Although a woman’s role was still thought to be in the home, they had complete control over all domestic affairs, and began to acknowledgeRead MoreThe Development of a Campaign For Womens Suffrage After 1870512 Words   |  3 PagesThe Development of a Campaign For Womens Suffrage After 1870 Prior to 1857, women had very few rights in the USA. If they were under 21 they were controlled by their fathers, and if they were married, by their husbands. Legally, women were completely under the influence of men. However as time progressed, women began to gain more Civil Rights due to several Bills being passed, for example, the Local Government Act gave women female property ownersRead MoreThe Development of a Campaign for Womens Suffrage Essay examples521 Words   |  3 PagesThe Development of a Campaign for Womens Suffrage The movement for womens suffrage became more powerful after 1870. There were a number of different reasons for this. In this essay I will be looking at these different reasons and I also will be writing about how things developed in time. I will start by looking at the situation in 1870. In 1870 the situation for women was bad and women were unfairly treated compared to men. There was inequality at work, inequality Read MoreCampaign for Womens Suffrage in 1870 Essay examples1216 Words   |  5 PagesCampaign for Womens Suffrage in 1870 Women in the hundreds of years preceeding the crucial date of 1870 had always faced a life that they would be better of in as men. They had few, if any, rights to the things they owned, even there own children and they could effectively be bought or sold by parents and prospective partners alike. A woman belonged first to her parents then to her husband and was expected to carry out certain duties according to her classRead MoreThe Development of a Campaign for Womens Suffrage in 1870 Essay605 Words   |  3 PagesThe Development of a Campaign for Womens Suffrage in 1870 In the first half of the 19th century, women were limited in what they could do. Many women wanted to do more, but couldnt as they lacked education. Women stayed at home, looking after the family. They didnt have an education or need qualifications, as they didnt get good jobs, if they worked at all. The changes that took place for women mainly came about from industrialisation. Women were described as the Read MoreThe Development of a Campaign for Womens Suffrage in Early 1870s2125 Words   |  9 PagesThe Development of a Campaign for Womens Suffrage in Early 1870s The campaign for womens suffrage gathered support after 1870, mainly because of a growing number of women who, through education, realised society was extremely unequal and recognised a need for change through action. The Forster act of 1870 which gave compulsory primary education to girls, was a landmark event that meant the women of the future would have the ability to question the inequalities of a Read MoreThe Development of the Womens Suffrage Campaign in the Years After 1870483 Words   |  2 PagesThe Development of the Womens Suffrage Campaign in the Years After 1870 I think that the campaign for women suffrage developed in the years after 1870 because the liberals committed to an increase of franchise but the rule did not include women getting the vote in the 1867 Reform Act, which gave many working class men the vote but nothing to the women which really angered them. The main reasons for women suffrage movement was the work places for women because theRead MoreLooking Back Upon Civil Rights, WomenS Campaign For Suffrage1250 Words   |  5 PagesLooking back upon civil rights, women s campaign for suffrage and equal standing in society shines as one of the most important movements in US history. The literature of this time reflects the ideals from the movement. The 1890s marked the beginning of the Progressive Era; a period dictated by the emergence of women from all levels of society entering the public sphere and becoming self advocates. In 1892, Charlotte Perkins Gilman authored The Yellow Wallpaper, a piece that symbolically representedRead MoreWomens Suffrage in Britain1401 Words   |  6 Pages Women’s Suffrage in Britain Social change in Britain has been achieved primarily through the hard work of organized political groups. These groups created events to recruit and educate supporters of social equality to join them in fighting for progress. The Women’s Suffrage Movement between 1866 and 1928 in Britain is no exception to this trend. The reason for the great efficacy of these political groups, including the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies and the Women’s Social and PoliticalRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement During The Nineteenth Century1632 Words   |  7 PagesBrian Marshall Ms. Place APUSH I May 26, 2016 Women’s Rights Movement Women in the nineteenth century began to fight for their rights as they were inspired by other abolitionist movements. Women were denied basic natural rights that were given to men. For example, women were not allowed to vote or own property. They also earned less money than men, even if they were working the same job. Men also had a more variety of opportunities in regarding jobs and careers. Women were expected

Arguments For ‘Invitation To Treat And An Offer Free Essays

The English Law on the formation of contracts generally requires there to be an offer and a matching acceptance. The offer must set out and refer to the object for sale and all the important terms of the contract. The acceptance must indicate agreement to all the terms of contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguments For ‘Invitation To Treat And An Offer or any similar topic only for you Order Now If it does not do so, the acceptance will be regarded as a counter-offer which is capable of rejecting the original offer, thereby making it incapable of acceptance later (Hyde v Wrench (1840) CC 49 ER 132). There are two offers, the one made by Susan through the advertisement on the 1st of March and that of Alice in response to the initial offer on the 27th of March that amounted to a counter-offer. There is also the issue of the application of the postal rule and its limitations in the case of Tahir, the issue of instantaneous communications and when the revocation of an offer becomes effective in the case of Emma and its rules. In Tahir’s case, the letter and enclosed Cheque he sent on the 27th of March would have been the most preferable choice of acceptance because the general postal rule would have applied easily which allows the effectiveness of a posted acceptance to start right from when it was posted, so as to enhance the effectiveness of businesses, if they can start working farther on the assumption that there is a binding contract between both parties as in Adams v Lindsell (1818). But, the fact that Susan defined the terms of the contract by stating the modes of acceptance and payment that was acceptable, which does not include a letter or a cheque makes the postal rule ineffective on Tahir’s letter, as it is unacceptable. Although, sending a letter as a form of acceptance was reasonable; there is no binding contract between Susan and Tahir because of the definition of terms and conditions of the offer. Alice’s letter on the 27th of March is a counter-offer which is capable of rejecting the original offer. If Alice had not altered the terms of the offer, which resulted in an offer of her own, The letter would have been an acceptance, and the usual rule when a letter of acceptance is sent in reply to an offer is that the acceptance takes effect on posting, ensuring there is a binding contract. However, this postal rule has no application here, since; the case of Holwell securities v Hughes (1974) makes it clear that the rule can be avoided by a specific request in the terms of the offer according to LAWTON L. J â€Å"Now in this case, the â€Å"notice in writing† was to be one â€Å"to the intending vendor.† It was to be an intimation to him that the grantee had exercised the option: he was the one who was to be fixed with the information contained in the writing. He never was, because the letter carrying the information went astray. The plaintiffs were unable to do what the agreement said they were to do, namely, fix the defendant with knowledge that they had decided to buy his property. If this construction of the option clause is correct, there is no room for the application of any rule of law relating to the acceptance of offers by posting letters since the option agreement stipulated what had to be done to exercise the option. On this ground alone I would dismiss the appeal†. Considering, the email Alice sent on the 28th of March, which would have been the most suitable form of acceptance as at that time, although it was sent on Friday, it was out of office hours and so Susan is unable to read it, therefore the acceptance was not communicated as the instantaneous communications rules requires as in Entores v Miles East Corp. It is generally agreed that the instantaneous communications will cover the email, and so the time of communication, rather than the time of sending, is the relevant time. Applying this rule to Alice’s email, the email has no effect because as at the time it was communicated the offer was no longer capable of acceptance. Alice has no binding contract with Susan because her letter was a counter-offer and the email was communicated when the offer was already withdrawn. The case law on revocation of offers establishes that offers can be withdrawn at any time prior to acceptance (Payne v Cave (1789)), provided that the withdrawal is communicated to the offeree. The latter point is reinforced by the decision in Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880), which concerns the revocation of an offer by telegram. Applying this to the dealings of Emma and Susan, If Susan received Emma’s email before the revocation was published in the papers, the revocation will be ineffective, and there will be a binding contract. This assumes, however, that the advert is deemed to be  communicated to Emma as soon as it was published and available to read on the 29th of March, because the information in the advert is sufficient notification to Emma that Susan has withdrawn the offer. Although, Emma may want to argue that the offer was open until the 31st of March, therefore they have a binding contract. This is not so, using the case of Routledge v Grant (1828), in which it was held that a promise of this kind will not generally be binding. The reason is that the promise will generally not have provided any consideration for the promise. If Susan had been given any amount of money or valuable in return for keeping the offer open until the 31st of march, then consideration would have been provided, and she would be bounded to her promise but in the absence of such she is free to withdraw the offer anytime. Therefore, Emma’s email has no effect because, she bears the responsibility of reading the revocation in the paper as Susan has taken the most reasonable form of communicating the revocation in this case. In conclusion, there is no binding contract between Susan and the other parties. How to cite Arguments For ‘Invitation To Treat And An Offer, Essays

Business Law Laws versus Unjust Law

Question: Consider the following scenarios. Please note that the cases presented are fictitious. Scenario 1 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) is giving its judgment in Express Washers v Dry Cleaning Express. The court decide that they will not follow their previous decision in Washing Laundry v Cleanaway, a case decided in 1988. The courts reasoning is that it had misunderstood and wrongly applied the House of Lords decision in the case of Washing Co v Cleaning Co, a case decided in 1986. Scenario 2 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) is hearing the fictional case of Gough v Heaton. The court has referred to a previous decision of the House of Lords, Templeton v Grainger, which was decided in 2003, and the Court of Appeal case of Highfield v Sooty, which was decided in 2001. The Highfield case conflicts with the decision in Templeton. The Court decide to follow the precedent set in Highfield. Scenario 3 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) is hearing the case of Gravity v Petroleum Ltd. The court has referred to two previous decisions, including Maxwell v Highton, which was decided in 2011, and Moloney v Caprell, which was decided in 2012. They are both decisions of the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) but the decisions conflict. The court decides to follow the earlier case of Maxwell v Highton. Explain whether the court has proceeded in the correct way in each of the scenarios with reference to the rules of judicial precedent. Answer: Scenario 1 In the case of Express Washers v Dry Cleaning Express provides the court of Appeal provides the appropriate judgement for the case with providing the decisions and thereby the court provides the decision against the case that it will not follow the previous decisions in the case of Washing Laundry v Cleanaway. The case was decided in the year 1988 and with the help of appropriate reasoning; it had created a misinterpretation in the decision with the inappropriate application of case of House of Lords. This wrong decision was made in the year 1986 with the case of Washing Co v Cleaning Co. The decision according to the civil decisions is considered to be bounded by the decisions of the Supreme Court and its predecessor that is referring to the house of the lords. The consideration of the decision creates the conflict in this case and thereby the court of Appeal is seemed to be generally bounded by some of the expectations (Forji, 2010). The conflict is seemed to be created by the hel p of the creation of the decisions and thereby the conflict is seemed to be raised for the previous decisions taken. Henceforth it provides the issues that help in the creation of the path to follow and also helps them to consider the interest with the rejection of the decisions. The court of appeal does not have to follow its own decisions with it has been overruled by the supreme court with the predecessor regarding the House of Lords. The previous decision also helps the judge to create the new agreements for which the case regarding the conflict is seemed to be mitigated in the case of Express Washers v Dry Cleaning Express. The generation of inappropriate income is avoided with the creation of bounding by the House of the lords. The true court of Appeal is indicated and for this reason the earlier decisions are overlooked with the creation of unique direction for the judge to decide the case of Express Washers v Dry Cleaning Express. This judgement is probably seemed to be acceptable by the judge with the consideration of advises and the decisions of the House of the lords. In this case the professional practices must be obtained with the probable obtaining of the defendant rules. Scenario 2 The court of court of Appeal signifies the fictional case of Gough v Heaton. The court also helps in referring the previous decisions regarding the House of Lords. The decisions depicts the case of the Templeton v Grainger which was seemed to be decided in the 2003 and other case that was appealed in the court deals with Highfield v Sooty which was seemed to be decided in the year 2001. The Highfield case conflicts are created with the help of the consideration of the decision in the Templeton. The court decides to follow the case of the precedent as it is set in the Highfield. With the consideration of the terminology, the familiar terms and the meanings helps in the consideration of the appropriate case as per the demonstration made with reference to the case. The application of the previous decisions helps in the consideration of the differentiation of the case and thereby the particular case issues are seemed to be created with the creation of new decision for resolving the confl ict. The distinguishing nature of the case helps in the creation of differentiation for the case and thereby it also helps in the consideration of the superior nature in order to affirm the new decisions of the court (McDonagh Graham, 2013). The practice statement of the case of the House of Lords is seemed to be bounded by the judiciary rules and henceforth the regulations are seemed to be departed according to the previous decisions. The appeal that is seemed to be created helps in the creation of the appeal system with the consideration of the later sections and thereby this sections is seemed to be fulfilling the case with providing justice to the operation of the precedent. The court of appeal is seemed to be considered in the case of the predecessor and thereby the court of appeal is bounded by the House of Lords. With the appropriate consideration of the agreement of the case of Gough v Heaton, the case depicts the fictitious judgement is provided to the decisions made and thereby the truth of the case Gough v Heaton is seemed to reveal in an appropriate manner. Henceforth the appeal is made in the following manner by the creation of the appeal decision of the law lords and thereby the law is seemed to be rebuked. Scenario 3 In this particular scenario the case at the court taken into consideration is that of the hearing of Gravity vs Petroleum Ltd at the Court of Appeal. As mentioned in the scenario, the court has referred to two previous cases that included the case of Maxwell v Highton and Moloney v Carpell. The case of Maxwell v Highton occurred in the year 2011 while the case of Moloney v Carpell occurred in the year 2012. Both the decisions that have been taken for the two cases are done by none other than the Court of Appeal but the decisions conflicted with each other and thus did not comply with each other. But the court takes the decision of going with the verdict of the case of Maxwell v Highton which occurred in 2011. Now, Judicial Precedent means that a judge needs to follow a previous decision of the court or rely in the judgment of the decision in order to give out a verdict for the case on which the court is working in the present moment. It is needed to observe that the presence of the p revious decisions and their usage are not just to guide or direct the judiciary. It also plays a role in binding the inferior and equal courts when the judge and court needs to go through a process of making subsequent decisions (Gerhardt, 2008). The principle followed in this case is that of stare decisis where it is stated that when a court of equal or lower status needs to make a decision on a case that it is dealing with, it needs to note and follow a previous decision if the conditions and facts in the present case are similar to that of the case which is being referred to. Therefore once a decision has been taken in a court, then it becomes the case law and thus the inferior courts has to follow that as it is the legal process in the United Kingdom (Trenkov-Wermuth, 2010). In the present scenario the cases referred to belong to the years 2011 and 2012. But since the decisions of the cases conflicted, the court should have taken the decision of the case of Moloney and Carpell t hat occurred in the year 2012. In this case therefore the court had not properly followed the protocol of judicial precedence and thus taken a wrong decision. References Forji, A. (2010). Just Laws versus Unjust Laws: Asserting the Morality of Civil Disobedience.Journal Of Politics And Law,3(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v3n2p156 McDonagh, J. Graham, T. (2013). Piercing the corporate veil in the family division: Prest--the latest from the Court of Appeal.Trusts Trustees,19(2), 137-145. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttt015 Gerhardt, M. (2008).The power of precedent. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Trenkov-Wermuth, C. (2010).United Nations justice. Shibuya-ku, Tokyo: United Nations University Press.